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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2022
  • Volume: 

    26
  • Issue: 

    104
  • Pages: 

    47-74
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    90
  • Downloads: 

    26
Abstract: 

Inflation in the Iran’s economy, by reducing the competitiveness of domestic economic enterprises against foreign competitors, has led to reduction in production and their exit from the business cycle and, weakening of the national economy as the result. In order to maintain the competitiveness of domestic enterprises, the policy of increasing the exchange rate or adjusting the exchange rate with inflation can be considered as the most important factor in this respect. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the interaction effects of the foreign exchange rate system and inflation on Iran's economic growth using the ARDL method for the period of 1360-1389. Experimental findings show that in Iran’s economy, the two variables of inflation and exchange rate flexibility have a direct negative effect on economic growth, but the interaction effects of the exchange rate systems and inflation on Iran's economic growth are positive.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2010
  • Volume: 

    3
Measures: 
  • Views: 

    168
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

IN ORDER TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF REDROOT PIGWEED DENSITIES AND IRRIGATION regimes ON THE YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF CORN, AN EXPERIMENT WAS PERFORMED IN SPRING AND SUMMER OF 2008-2009 IN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH STATION OF SHIRAZ UNIVERSITY LOCATED IN BADJGAH. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN WAS SPLIT PLOT WITH THREE REPLICATIONS. TREATMENTS INCLUDED SIX LEVELS OF PIGWEED DENSITY (0, 5, 10, 20, 30, AND 40 PLANTS PER METER OF CORN PLANTING ROW) AND 3 IRRIGATION regimes (T1: 100% FIELD CAPACITY, T2: 125% FIELD CAPACITY AND T3: 75% FIELD CAPACITY). RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE HIGHEST (1147.1 GM-2) AND THE LOWEST KERNEL YIELD (457.1 GM-2) WERE OBTAINED FROM WEED FREE AND 40 WEEDS M-1 TREATMENTS, RESPECTIVELY. IRRIGATION regimes HAD SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON KERNEL YIELD SO THAT THE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM KERNEL YIELD WERE OBSERVED IN T2 (900 GM-2) AND T3 (594 GM-2). LIKEWISE, THE HIGHEST AND THE LOWEST AMOUNTS FOR KERNEL YIELD COMPONENTS OBTAINED FROM T2- WEED FREE PLOTS AND T3-40 WEEDS M-1, RESPECTIVELY. KERNEL YIELD WAS MAXIMUM IN T2-WEED A FREE PLOT WHICH WAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT FROM T1-WEED FREE AND T2-5 WEED M-1.

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Author(s): 

ANABI MILANI A.

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2007
  • Volume: 

    2
  • Issue: 

    5
  • Pages: 

    43-56
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    753
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

Nowadays increase of population and need for food and limitation of water resources have caused that the worth of this vital liquid to be cleared up more than ever. A field experiment was conducted at Tabriz plain during 1997-2000 to determination the water requirement of wheat and interaction between applied water and sources of N fertilizer on water use efficiency (WUE). The experiment was carried out in factorial randomized complete block design with four irrigation levels (I1 to I4) based on irrigation depth per cumulative pan evaporation (ID: CPE) ratios of 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 in combination with three sources of N (N1 to N3) comprising ammonium sulfate, urea and ammonium nitrate with four replications. Results indicated that there was significant difference between II and other treatments on both biomass and grain yield, but there was no difference between I1, I3 and I4.WUE was different between treatments significantly. Treatment II producing 1.89 kgm-3 and treatment 14 with 1.09 kgm-3 had maximum and minimum WUE respectively. Mean consumed water in three years (irrigation plus rainfall) for I1 to I4 was calculated to be 4556, 5776, 6685 and 7713 m3ha-1 respectively. There were no significant differences between treatments in thousand kernel weight, harvest index (HI) and protein content of seeds. Sources of N had no significant effect on WUE and yield component except thousand kernel weight. interaction of irrigation levels and N sources concerning yield components and WUE was not significant.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2021
  • Volume: 

    52
  • Issue: 

    2
  • Pages: 

    201-2013
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    146
  • Downloads: 

    14
Abstract: 

To assesse the iron and silicon effects on the yield and physiological characteristics of green pea, Wando cultivar by ASGrow Corporation was used in three levels of iron chelate (0.05, 0.1 and 0.3 gr per l-1) and silicon (0, 14 and 28 mg per l-1), as a factorial experimental in completely randomized design with three replications. In this experiment, characterisics such as fresh and dry weight of grain, the number of grain per pod, concentration of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Si in leaf and grain were measured. Results showed that the interaction of Fe and Si was significant at p<0.01 on grain fresh and dry wigeht, concentratin of leaf and grain Fe, leaf Mn, leaf and grain Zn and leaf Si and the application of Fe and Si was significant separately, on other traits such as number of grain per pod, concentration of leaf and grain Cu, Mn and Si in grain.  The Mean squares showed that the application of Fe and Si significantly increased fresh and dry grain weight and Si laef concetration and decreased the concentratin of leaf and grain Fe and Mn as well as grain Mn.  The enhancement of Fe and Si application separately decreased the concentration of Mn, Cu and zinc leaf and grains, but the Si concentration of leaf and grain were increased by Si application. The concentration of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn were decreased in leaf and grain because of antagonistic effects. It can be concluded that Si reduces the harmfull effects of high levels of iron toxicity and the application of 0.1 g/l and 25 mg/l can be recommended as the best treatments.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2020
  • Volume: 

    34
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    549-563
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    486
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

Introduction: Drought is one of the factors that threatens the performance of agricultural products, especially corn in most parts of the world. Under conditions of water scarcity, the effectiveness and efficiency of fertilizer use is reduced, especially if fertilizer application is not consistent with plant growth. Among fertilizers, nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients for corn, and consumption management of this fertilizer has great importance in order to succeed in increasing the production of corn. Therefore, in conditions of water shortage, balanced and optimal use of fertilizer should be considered to achieve increased yield and water use efficiency. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of drip irrigation regimes and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of corn and soil moisture changes at the Shaheed Zendrh Rouh Jupar in Kerman province during the years of 2012-2014. The experiment was arranged as a split-plot design based on randomized complete block design with five irrigation regimes (I1 = 100, I2 = 80 and I3 = 60% ETc) as the main-factor and five nitrogen fertilizer level N1 = 0, N2 = 50, N3 = 100, N4 = 150 and N5 = 200 kg/ha) as sub-factor. According to the Kerman Meteorological Station, this region has a semi-arid climate with warm summers and mild winters. To calculate the volume of water consumed, potential evapotranspiration (ETo) was determined using daily meteorological information and Penman-Monteith method (PM). A sampling method was used to measure moisture at different depths of soil. Results and Discussion: The results showed that the highest yield was due to I1 treatments with 8. 85 t/ha, and there was a direct relation between crop reduction and water requirement reduction at all stages of crop production. High nitrogen application had a negative effect on yield. Typically, in soils that lack nitrogen, corn grain yield increased with nitrogen addition. However, after reaching the maximum yield, nitrogen addition has no effect on increase or yield may reduce. The interactions of different levels of water and fertilizer showed that I1N4 and I3N1 treatments had the highest (10. 6 ton/ha) and lowest (1. 24 ton/ha) value of corn yield, respectively. The highest and lowest grain yield components (thousand grain weight, number of kernels row, number of kernels per row, cob length, cob diameter) were observed in N1 and N3 I1 treatments, respectively. The highest water use efficiency (1. 26 kg/m3) was observed in I2N4 treatment and the lowest (0. 068 kg/m3) in I3N1 treatment. The results of this study showed that the remaining moisture content in soil decreased by decreasing amount of irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizer in 20 days after planting. At 75 days after planting, reasons such as severe water shortages during growth, reduced root density, high water requirement at this stage of growing season, and the plants need to nutrients have probably caused the roots to absorb as much as possible of the top three water and nutrient. As a result, the moisture that reaches the last layer is less. The results showed that in the last stages of growth compared to other stages, the plant water requirement is reduced and excess water penetrates the lower layers. Conclusion According to the results of this study, nitrogen fertilizer at 150 kg/ha with 100% water requirement is the best combination for corn farming in semi-arid climates.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2022
  • Volume: 

    41
  • Issue: 

    1
  • Pages: 

    9-17
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    9
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

Biochar, as a soil amendment, improves soil fertility and enhances crops productivity under water or salinity stresses. This study aimed to investigate the effects of biochar application rates (zero, 40, and 80 Mg ha-1) under three irrigation regimes (50, 75, and 100% of plant water requirement) and salinity levels (0.6, 6, and 12 dS m-1) on physiological parameters, evapotranspiration, and growth of wheat grown under greenhouse condition. The experiment was performed in a complete randomized design with a factorial arrangement in four replications. Application of a high level of salinity (12 dS m-1) declined wheat grain yield by 28%, 57%, and 75% in comparison with that at 0.6 dS m-1 under zero, 40, and 80 Mg ha-1 biochar application, respectively. The results showed that application of 80 Mg ha-1 biochar decreased wheat evapotranspiration by 24.4% in comparison with that at no biochar application. In addition, the application of biochar improved wheat stomatal conductance and canopy temperature under both abiotic stress conditions. Salinity (12 dS m-1) and deficit irrigation (50 %), respectively declined wheat evapotranspiration by 19% and 15% in comparison with that at 0.6 dS m-1 and full irrigation. Also, the application of biochar and salinity both declined the root length density due to the accumulation of salt around the root. It is concluded that 40 Mg ha-1 of biochar can be applied as a soil amendment to improve wheat yield and reduce evapotranspiration under applied deficit irrigation and salinity stress.

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Author(s): 

CARARE ALINA | STON MARK R.

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2006
  • Volume: 

    50
  • Issue: 

    5
  • Pages: 

    1297-1315
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    1
  • Views: 

    169
  • Downloads: 

    0
Keywords: 
Abstract: 

Yearly Impact: مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources

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Author(s): 

Hosseini Maasoum Seyed Mohammad | Shairi Hamid Reza | Akbari Marjan

Journal: 

LITERARY CRITICISM

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2023
  • Volume: 

    16
  • Issue: 

    64
  • Pages: 

    65-108
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    32
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

Passing from classical structuralist narrative semiology with a text-centered view and deterministic meanings towards semiotics is a transition from action and programming towards interaction. In classical semiology, the current of meaning is exclusively shaped through action and predetermined program and toward gaining the value object. But in semiotics, meaning is formed by creating a sensory-perceptual relationship with the phenomena, and is perceived through interaction with another person or co-subject. Such a meaning cannot be investigated only with semantic regimes of classical semiology, i. e. action and manipulation. Therefore, Landowsky proposed two complementary regimes, i. e. adjustment and accident. The present research probes to find what actions by the characters in Zal-and-Rodabe show the adherence of actors to Landowsky's regimes of interaction. It was found that when faced with challenges, some characters first follow a specific regime of interaction, but later, become inclined to other regimes. Others continue to adhere to a single regime. Examining the interactions shows the transition from the classical narrative regime based on action and program to the modern narrative based on interaction, which ultimately results in the unification of the characters towards the realization of a forbidden love. Introduction: Passing from classical structuralist narrative semiology with a text-centered view and deterministic meanings towards semiotics is a transition from action and program-centeredness towards interaction. In classical semiology, the stream of meaning is exclusively shaped through action and a predetermined program and toward gaining the value object. In fact, what is obtained is external to the actor and is the end that the actor intends to achieve. Therefore, it can be considered extrinsic and goal-oriented. Movement is also included in this regime because one place must be left and some stages must be passed so as to reach the place where the desired object is. But with the turn of semantic studies towards phenomenology and the emergence of a new field called semiotics, we witness the introduction of new words such as "body", "perception" and "sensory-perceptual relationship" into meaning studies. In semiotics, meaning is formed by creating a sensory-perceptual relationship with the phenomena and is perceived through interaction with another person or co-subject. Such a meaning cannot be investigated only with semantic regimes of classical semiology, i. e. action and manipulation. Eric Landowsky’s introduction of the two complementary semantic regimes of adjustment and accident happened in line with this turn. In the semantic regime of adjustment, a bilateral interaction is formed between related narrative factors as a consequence of a sensual affair. In fact, the two parties involved in the interaction feel each other and transmit this feeling to each other and sometimes to the entire narrative. In the regime of accident, which is based on luck and fortune, the interaction is realized by accident,the system is meaningless, and luck is shown in its purest form. Method: Linguistics provides scientific tools for the study of language and literature. Indeed, literature is a place for the manifestation of language in different forms and through the interaction of linguistics and literature, the discovery of meaning becomes possible. Therefore, re-examining ancient texts, trying to find patterns and semantic regimes, along with the use of linguistic theories facilitate the discovery of the meaning formation mechanisms. As a classic work and a great example of an epic narrative, Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh has various micro-narratives that are the objective manifestation of this phenomenon. The formation of meaning in these micronarratives is the result of the integrated function of these four regimes. One of the most interesting of these micronarratives is the story of Zal and Rudabeh. The present research was carried out using a descriptive analytical method and samples were selected from all parts of the story. The researchers first investigated the important and prominent parts of the story and then extracted the behaviors and reactions of the characters in the story when faced with the events. These reactions were analyzed based on Landowsky’s four semantic regimes. In this regard, the narrative was divided into three important periods in the life of the protagonist: Zal’s birth and isolation, taking him back from Simorgh (phoenix), and Zal’s love for Rudabeh. Then, the lines of the poem were anallyzed to identify the challenges and tensions of each period. The behavior of the main narrative characters against those challenges and tensions was reviewed in order to determine the degree of conformity of each performance with Landowsky's four semantic regimes. Since events in the story of Zal and Rudabeh contradict the wishes of the main actors, and because their thinking and action fail to solve these problems, the narrative stream pushes them towards adjustment and sometimes accident and thus becomes the solution to the challenge and tension. In the present paper, an attempt is made to find manifestations of these four regimes in the behavior and reactions of the narrative characters. In more precise terms, the main problem of this research is to examine the degree of conformity of the narration and the interactions of the actors and the characters in the narrative Zal and Rudabeh with the fourfold semantic regimes proposed by Landowsky. In this research, we are trying to see which of Landowsky’s semantic regimes corresponds to the meaning-making process in Zal and Rudabeh narrative when the main characters or actors face challenges. Results Using semantic regimes is one of the methods of creating meaning in narratives. These semantic systems help the narrative actor to advance narrative goals and overcome challenges and tensions. In the story of Zal and Rudabeh, two challenging tensions in the course of the story encourage each of the characters to act and apply these semantic regimes. Some of the characters of the narrative follow a specific semantic regime at the beginning, but in the middle of the story, they tend to shift to other semantic regimes. Still, some others continue to adhere to a single semantic regime. What can be raised at the end of this research is that the characters reach a consensus in order to achieve the fruit of love, which happens against the general norms of society. In fact, the course of events in the narrative has proved the ineffectiveness of action and program and reveals the necessity of creating bilateral communication and interactions in order to solve the narrative challenges. In the end, the outcome of the events in this story is towards the interactions of the actors and reaching the fusion. This merging takes place through the actions of the actors to interact with each other, i. e. Zal’s letter to his father, Sindokht’s visit to Sam, and Sam’s letter to Manouchehrshah. In the end, this chain of communication and interactions causes feelings and sensory connections to emerge in the form of consensus towards the acceptance of a forbidden love. This finding of the research can be considered a new achievement in the criticism and analysis of the narrative of Zal and Rudabeh. One of the most interesting points in the analysis of such narratives is the change in the structure of the narrative and the movement from the classical narrative to the modern narrative (cf. Shairi, 2019. b). Therefore, this convergence is the result of the movement from the classical narration to the modern narration. The turning of the narrative is from mere programming towards interaction and creating a sensory relationship. The actors who, in the course of the narrative, were striving to obtain value or objects in the outside world, simultaneously reveal aspects and ways of living differently and looking differently through interaction and agreement with each other. Keywords: semiotics, narrative, regimes of interaction & meaning, Eric Landowsky, Zal and Rudabe

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2020
  • Volume: 

    13
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    871-887
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    269
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

In order to study the effect of biofertilizers and moisture regime on different moisture regimes on the morphophysiological and grain yield of Arg wheat cultivar, an experiment in the form of a split-plot based on randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted at Zahak-Zabol Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station during 2016-2017 crop year. Irrigation regimes were carried out on three levels as the main plots: irrigation after 45% (control), 65% moisture evacuation from soil (Medium stress) and 85% moisture evacuation from soil (Severe stress); biofertilizer sources were applied in seven levels: control, application of the locally common fertilizer, application of Azotobacter fertilizer along with the locally common fertilizer, Azotobacter fertilizer with 50% of the locally common fertilizer, Phosphabacter fertilizer with the locally common fertilizer, phosphabacter fertilizer with 50% of the corresponding chemical control fertilizer, Azotobacter phospha-bacter fertilizer along with the locally common fertilizer, and Azotobacter and phosphabacter along with 50% of the locally common fertilizer, with all these seven serving as the subplots. The results showed the interactive effect of moisture regime and biofertilizer on the grain yield was significant at 1% level. This was such that in severe drought stress, biofertilizers with a mean of (6237 kg. ha-1) led to the grain yield increase of 38. 8%, as compared to the control. Also, the improvement and increase in the 1000-seed weight, and biologic yield and harvest index were 27. 6, 17. 8, and 29. 6 percent, respectively. Overall, the results of this study showed that in the irrigation under drought stress conditions at all stages of development, the use of Azotobacter and phosphabacter biofertilizers could have a positive effect on the grain yield, biologic yield, harvest index, and leaf chlorophyll index, thereby improving the negative effects of drought stress.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2022
  • Volume: 

    16
  • Issue: 

    1 (44)
  • Pages: 

    1-9
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    81
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

Tea is the most popular drink after water in the world and more and more people are consuming it every day. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the production of this product per unit area. Since in some months of the year the amount of rainfall does not meet the water requirement of the plant, to produce more product per unit area, Supply of water shortage with proper irrigation method is unavoidable. Methods: In order to investigate the effect of different irrigation methods and irrigation levels on the yield and water use efficiency of Chinese hybrid cultivar tea plant (Camellia sinensis L. ), an experiment was conducted as split plots based on randomized complete blocks design in three replications with three main treatments including permanent sprinkler irrigation (SI), local drip irrigation (DI) and strip drip irrigation (TDI), and three sub-treatments including without irrigation (I0), 50 (I1) and 100 (I2)% of crop water requirement in 1399 in the Research Station of Fashalam tea garden in Fooman region. In order to determine the physical and chemical properties of the soil in the study area, soil samples were taken from a depth of 0 to 20, 20 to 40 and 40 to 60 cm and were analyzed in the laboratory. In this experiment, the field capacity, permanent wilting point, bulk density and pH was determined and soil texture was measured by hydrometric method. The meteorological data required to calculate the water requirement of the tea plant were prepared from the Rasht agricultural meteorological station. The amount of rainfall during the irrigation period (May to November) in 2020 was equal to 307. 197 mm, which was lower than the average rainfall of the last 30 years in the same irrigation period was 188. 2 mm. The water requirement of the tea plant was calculated using the daily data of 30 years of Rasht agricultural meteorological station with penman monteith FAO method by software of CROPWAT 8. 0, and then the daily water requirement of the plant by considering the water use efficiency of 80% in sprinkler irrigation system and 95% in the drip irrigation system was determined. Gross amount of irrigation water was determined based on plant water requirement, soil moisture holding capacity and water use efficiency in sprinkler and drip irrigation systems. The net amount of irrigation water in the treatment of the 50% of the plant water requirement was equal to 50% of the amount of the net irrigation water in the treatment 100% of the plant water requirement. The volume of water given to each plot at each irrigation period was measured using a water meter to the nearest tenth of a liter. Results: The results of the data variance analysis showed that the effect of irrigation methods, different levels of irrigation and their interaction on the yield of green and dry tea leaves and water use efficiency based on green and dry tea leaves were significant at the level of one percent probability. So that the average of the lowest green and dry leaf yield and water use efficiency based on green and dry leaves with 3846. 90 and 1044/7 kg/ha, and with 1. 23 and 1. 33 kg/m3 in DI irrigation method and the highest of them with 7859. 70 and 2129. 6 kg/ha, and with 2. 39 and 0. 65 kg/m3 were observed in SI irrigation method which increased by 2. 043 and 2. 038, and 1. 94 and 1. 97 times in compared with DI irrigation method, respectively. Also, the lowest green and dry leaf yield and water use efficiency based on green and dry leaves with 1050. 1 and 299. 16 kg/ha, and 0. 44 and 0. 13 kg/m3 at I0 irrigation level, and the highest of them with 8947. 20 and 2418. 17 kg/ha, and 2. 53 and 0. 65 kg/m3 were observed at I2 irrigation level which increased by 8. 52 and 8. 08, and 5. 75 and 5. 00 times in compared with I0 irrigation level, respectively. The results of the interaction of irrigation methods at different levels of plant water requirement on green tea leaf yield showed that the highest yield with 13000 kg/ha was obtained in SI irrigation method with I2 irrigation level. Therefore, SI irrigation method with I2 irrigation level can be considered as optimum method to the tea green leaf production in the Fooman region.

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